Participants A total of 1459 Australian cases ascertained from opioid replacement therapy clinics, 531 neighborhood controls ascertained from economically disadvantaged areas near opioid replacement therapy clinics, and 1495 unrelated Australian Twin Registry controls not dependent on alcohol or illicit drugs selected from a twin and family sample. Setting Semistructured psychiatric interviews. Objective To examine association of 1430 candidate gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with heroin dependence, reporting here only the 71 SNPs in the chromosome 11 gene cluster ( NCAM1, TTC12, ANKK1, DRD2) that include the strongest observed associations.ĭesign Case-control genetic association study that included 2 control groups (lacking an established optimal control group). Shared Decision Making and CommunicationĬontext The genetic contribution to liability for opioid dependence is well established identification of the responsible genes has proved challenging.Scientific Discovery and the Future of Medicine.Health Care Economics, Insurance, Payment.Clinical Implications of Basic Neuroscience.Challenges in Clinical Electrocardiography.
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